Achalasia‐Like Disease with Esophageal Pressurization in a Myasthenic Dog
نویسندگان
چکیده
An 8-year-old, intact male Pug was examined for a 7-day history of progressive weakness, progressive decline in food intake, dysuria, and dysphonia. The dysuria was described as an inability to void when being walked as the dog could not lift its leg and did not urinate although there was evidence of urine leakage in the dog’s blankets. When initially examined, the dog was alert with a BCS of 5/9. The physical examination did not reveal abnormalities. Results of hematology, serum biochemistry, and urinalysis as well as abdominal ultrasound did not reveal abnormalities. Upon owners’ request, the dog was discharged without further work-up, and gabapentin (5 mg/kg, PO q12h) were prescribed for suspected lumbosacral pain. Because of increasing weakness over the next 2 days, the dog was presented at an emergency clinic, where urinary retention caused by lumbosacral disease was suspected and treated with a single dose of dexamethasone (10 mg IM). Three days later, the dog was again examined for anorexia and progressive weakness. Physical examination revealed an alert dog able to walk 2–3 m with a stiff gate and kyphotic posture before finally lying down. Laboratory work revealed a CK (111 U/L; reference range, 51–191) within reference range and no abnormalities were detected on urinalysis. A bacterial culture of urine showed no growth. Thoracic radiographs revealed moderate esophageal dilatation and a markedly dilated stomach (Fig 1). Results of a neurologic examination were consistent with a neuromuscular junction disorder, and an edrophonium chloride challenge (0.2 mg/kg IV) showed a dramatic positive response. At the time of electromyographic testing, an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was also performed because of concerns about steroid-induced gastric ulceration. Before anesthesia, esophageal high-resolution manometry (HRM) was used to evaluate esophageal function (Fig 2). A manometric catheter was lubricated with 2% lidocaine gel and carefully inserted intranasally. It was passed through the nasopharynx into the esophagus and finally positioned so that it recorded the pressure profile of the entire esophagus from the pharynx to the stomach. Real-time pressure imaging enabled accurate placement, and 3–4 pressure sensors were positioned intragastrically to rule out artifacts caused by breathing-related movements of the esophagogastric junction. HRM examination revealed an abnormal swallowing mechanism: after normal upper esophageal sphincter (UES) relaxation (UES residual pressure 0.4 mmHg [ 10.5 to 0.3 mmHg], UES relaxation time to nadir 138 mmHg (58–140 mmHg), relaxation duration 300 ms [145–305 ms]) the aborally propagating peristaltic waves of the tubular esophagus, as well as lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxations [LES baseline pressure 37.3 mmHg (14.6–45.1 mmHg), LES residual pressure 27 mmHg (1.9–19.1 mmHg)] were completely absent throughout the study. The peristaltic waves were discontinued by simultaneous contractions of the tubular esophagus beginning at a point just past the first third of the tubular esophagus (Fig 3). The subsequent esophagogastroduodenoscopy did not reveal abnormalities except for a dilated and flaccid esophagus. Biopsies were taken from the middle and lower esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. Histopathologically, all esophageal, gastric, and duodenal biopsies did not reveal abnormalities. Electromyographic examination of the limbs and epaxial muscles did not reveal abnormalities. Supramaximal repetitive nerve stimulation of the tibial and ulnar nerve at a frequency of 3 Hz produced a decrement of 30% (reference <10%). At this point, myasthenia gravis (MG) was suspected on the basis of clinical, electromyographic, and pharmacologic testing results. After treatment with pyridostigmin (1.5 mg/kg PO, q8h), the dog had progressive improvement of all clinical findings. By the time the AChR titer came back negative (0.22 nmol/L; normal <0.6 nmol/L) on day 14, the dog had already fully recovered. Upon recheck on day 21, the dog’s owners had already stopped pyridostigmin 4 days From the Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine (Kempf, Kook), and the Division of Neurology, Clinic for Small Animal Surgery (Beckmann), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Beckmann). Corresponding author: Dr Peter Hendrik Kook, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich 8057, Switzerland; e-mail: peterhen [email protected]. Submitted June 20, 2013; Revised January 2, 2014; Accepted January 14, 2014. Copyright © 2014 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12329 Abbreviations:
منابع مشابه
CIDP and Achalasia: Two manifestations of a Disease or Coincidental Association
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuroradiculopathy (CIDP) is an immune mediated disorder characterized by progressive developing or relapsing symmetrical motor or sensory symptoms in more than one limb over a period of two months. Achalasia, as a primary esophageal motility disorder, is also characterized by increasing the tone of lower esophageal sphincter, absence or incomplete sphinct...
متن کاملAchalasia Cardia Subtyping by High-Resolution Manometry Predicts the Therapeutic Outcome of Pneumatic Balloon Dilatation
BACKGROUND/AIMS High-resolution manometry (HRM) with pressure topography is used to subtype achalasia cardia, which has therapeutic implications. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics, manometric variables and treatment outcomes among the achalasia subtypes based on the HRM findings. METHODS The patients who underwent HRM at the Asian Institute of Gastroenterology,...
متن کاملA 43-Year-Old Female with Dysphagia: What Is Your Diagnosis by High-Resolution Manometric Finding?
CC This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. *Correspondence: Moo In Park, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University Col...
متن کاملAchalasia--two types in the same patient: case report.
INTRODUCTION A paper presented a case of esophageal achalasia with both type 2 and type 3 achalasia found in the same patient. CASE OUTLINE High resolution impedance manometry of esophagus was performed. Liquid swallows induced panesophageal pressurization (achalasia type 2), whereas viscous swallows led to compartmentalized pressurization--distal two thirds of esophagus (achalasia type 3). N...
متن کاملFunctional restoration of the esophagus after peroral endoscopic myotomy for achalasia
PURPOSE Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is a new efficacious treatment option for achalasia. We propose to define "esophageal remodeling" as the functional restoration of the esophagus that involves decreased lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure, recovery of esophageal body peristalsis, and reduction of luminal diameter. The aim of this study was to investigate "esophageal remodeling" af...
متن کاملPartial recovery of peristalsis after myotomy for achalasia: more the rule than the exception.
IMPORTANCE Although successful treatment of achalasia depends on alleviating the obstruction at the esophagogastric junction, the postintervention contractile and pressurization pattern may also play a role in outcome. OBJECTIVE To determine whether myotomy that alleviates the esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction in achalasia might improve peristalsis. DESIGN Retrospective study fro...
متن کامل